Smoking status and changes in thyroid-stimulating hormone and free thyroxine levels during a decade of follow-up: The Tehran thyroid study

Authors

  • Atiyeh Amouzegar Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • Fereidoun Azizi Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • Hoda kadkhodazadeh Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • Ladan Mehran Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • Maryam Tohidi Prevention of Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • Safoora Gharibzadeh Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
Abstract:

Background: Smoking can cause thyroid disorders; the aim of the present study was to investigate the association between smoking status and changes in thyroid hormone levels among adult males during a decade long follow-up of in the Tehran Thyroid Study (TTS). Methods: Data of 895 adult males (smokers=115, non-smokers=691, ex-smokers=89) participants of the TTS without any previously known thyroid disease were analyzed. To examine trends of changes in thyroid hormone levels in these three groups, generalized estimating equation models were used. The interaction between the smoking status and each phase of the study was checked in a separate model. Results: Age and BMI adjusted trends of free thyroxine (FT4) demonstrated a non-significant decrease in participants (P=0.121) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) gained a significant average increase value over time in the total population (adjusted marginal mean of TSH=1.15 mU/L in phase 1, vs. 1.75 mU/L in phase 4, P<0.0001). Of the three groups, non-smokers and ex-smokers showed statistically significant increases in TSH during the follow-up period, whereas the smoker group had lower increases in TSH levels, changes from phase 1 until phase 2 among smokers were 38.46%, vs 43.54% and 52.94% in the ex and non-smokers, respectively. Conclusion: TSH was lower and FT4 was higher in smokers compared with the other smoker groups, although TSH level shows no decreasing trend over time in this group. The increasing trend of TSH in smokers was similar to ex and non-smokers. No difference was seen in FT4 trends among the smoking groups.

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Journal title

volume 11  issue 1

pages  47- 52

publication date 2020-01

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